Hands-on Activity Protecting Our City with Levees

Learning Objectives

After this activity, students should be able to:

• List the steps of the engineering design process.
• Describe a scale drawing and what units should be used.
• Describe the features of a successful levee.
• Understand what a natural disaster is.

Educational Standards

Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards.

All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), a project of D2L (www.achievementstandards.org).

In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics; within type by subtype, then by grade, etc.

NGSS: Next Generation Science Standards - Science

Common Core State Standards - Math

International Technology and Engineering Educators Association - Technology

State Standards

Materials List

Each group needs:

• Levee Design Worksheet
• rectangular plastic container or tub
• scissors, to poke holes in cups
• $10 worth of fun money; such as strips of paper that each represent one dollar or Monopoly® money
• levee building materials:
• sand or gravel, about 2 cups
• duct tape, about 1 ft
• 8-10 cotton balls
• 1 plastic sandwich bag or square of Saran® wrap
• 1 sponge
• 8-10 Popsicle sticks
• 8-10 plastic drinking straws
• paperboard, 1 sheet, such as from a cereal box
• small paper cups (note: remember to update the Levee Design Worksheet with any changes made)
• access to water to test the levees

Worksheets and Attachments

Introduction/Motivation

Natural disasters cause destruction all over the world. Does anyone know what a natural disaster is? (Elicit student responses). A natural disaster is a natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused immense human suffering for the people of New Orleans. Many factors led to people being stranded for hours or days, going without food and water for many days, and even dying. However, the flooding that occurred after the storm could have been prevented if the levees that surround the city had not broken in the first place. Civil engineers have the enormous responsibility of building projects that enable people to live together in communities. The people of New Orleans depend on engineers to build strong levees to protect their city from the ocean waters that surround it. In this activity, you will use the engineering design process to design a prototype (a small model) of a new levee to protect your city from future flooding.

Just like real engineers, brainstorm and draw out your design before you start to build. After your design has been approved by your teacher, you purchase your materials from the store (your teacher or a helper) and make sure that you stay within budget. Then build and test your design. The team whose levee holds back the most water wins. I cannot wait to see your ideas! You have the opportunity to make a real difference in your community!

Procedure

Background

The basic principle of the levee design is to split the plastic dish into two parts: half that represents a lake or river, and half that is the town, which we want to stay dry! On the first day of the activity, students design their levees, and on the second day, they build and test them.

Before the Activity

• Gather materials.
• Make copies of the Levee Design Worksheet, one per group.

With the Students

• Divide the class into groups of three students each. Gve each group a worksheet.
• Have students design and build their levees by completing the design steps described on the worksheet. Go through each step together as a class, giving teams 5-10 minutes for each step.

Design Process Steps

EDP Step 1: Ask to Identify the Need and Constraints (5 min)

Read this step out loud to students so that everyone is clear on the objective: Once the designs are completed, each group fills one side of the plastic container with water to represent the lake or river. Successful levees keep the water from flooding the town. (It may be helpful to show Figure 3 as an example of a student prototype levee.)

EDP Step 2: Research the Problem (20 min)

Provide resources that students can use to do research on levee design. Have them look up information on the internet, or the teacher can do this in advance, and print out relevant articles for them to read. After they have researched background information, have students conduct a simple experiment. Using two materials of their choice from the list provided, have them determine how well each stops or slows down the flow of water. NOTE: Skip this step if not enough time.

EDP Step 3: Imagine Possible Solutions (5 min)

Remind students that in brainstorming, no idea or suggestion is "silly." All ideas should be respectfully heard. Take an uncritical position, encourage wild ideas and discourage criticism of ideas.

EDP Step 4: Plan by Selecting the Most Promising Solution (10 min)

Students should converge on an idea, and determine which materials they will use as their budget allows. This step completes the initial design, and is a good stopping point for the first day. Collect the worksheets so you can give students feedback before they build the next day.

EDP Step 5 & 6: Create and Test the Prototype (20-30 min)

Have students "buy" their materials with their fun money. Give them plenty of time to build their levees. When they are ready, have them bring their plastic containers to a sink. Fill it with water, and help them observe how well the levee prevents the water from flooding to the other side of the container (see Figure 3). Determine which group was able to retain water the most effectively. Offering small prizes for best levee or most creative design can add some fun to the activity.

EDP Step 6 continued: Evaluate the Prototype (5 min)

Have students reflect on what they learned from the design process by answering the questions on the worksheet.

EDP Step 7: Redesign and Retest (time varies)

This step is not on the worksheet. If groups finish early, ask them to redesign their levees to get better results, and then retest them.

Vocabulary/Definitions

hurricane: A tropical storm with winds of 39 mph (63 kph) or higher and occurring in the north Atlantic Ocean.

levee: A human-made barrier of earth intended to hold back water.

Assessment

Pre-Activity Assessment

Think/Pair/Share: Ask students to each write down what steps they think an engineers take to design new products. After a minute or two, have students talk briefly to a partner in order to expand their lists. Then have the pairs share their responses with the rest of the class. Group responses on the board in a way that roughly resembles the engineering design process (refer to the Levee Design Worksheet). Pass out the worksheets and point out how many steps of the design process they came up with on their own.

Activity Embedded Assessment

Design Worksheet: Have each group fill out a Levee Design Worksheet, which leads them through the designing of their levees following the steps of the engineering design process.

Post-Activity Assessment

Share with Class: Have students share some of the steps they took in designing their levee. Ask for groups to share brainstorming ideas and ask how they reached their final design. Make a list on the board of the characteristics of a successful levees. Some of these might include, height, seal, durability. If students used materials such as a sponge or cotton balls that kept the town dry temporarily, ask why the floodwaters eventually broke through. Explain that soil engineers would be involved in measuring the capacity of earthen levees to make sure that water would not eventually leak through. Once the sponge or cotton balls were saturated, water started to leak through. This would be the same with sand or soil.

Troubleshooting Tips

Plastic dishes often have grooves along the outside that can add an extra challenge to the design, as these grooves are difficult to fill in. These can be compared to real-world conditions such as tree roots or weak layers of soil where water travels more easily.

It is fun to make the levee testing into a bit of a show for all students to watch, though if they want to redesign, it may be easier to let groups test and redesign as they are ready.

Material prices can be changed and available materials added or deleted as desired.

Activity Extensions

Though real levees are not constructed with duct tape and cotton balls, these items represent ideas or materials that might be used in real life. Write a list that compares the materials used in your levee to materials or concepts used in actual levee design.

Have students find out what types of construction methods have been used in real levees. See if they can find any details on how these design ideas were reached.

Activity Scaling

• For lower grades, have students color and decorate their design sheets. Also, skip the "gather information" design step.
• For upper grades, have students draw their design drawings to scale.
• For high school students, increase the challenge by testing the levees in a much larger/deeper bucket, which requires students to design much stronger levees that can withstand the increased force of the water. To support this, open up the materials list to include more options, such as natural materials (rocks, clay, soil) and human-made materials (Popsicle sticks, toothpicks, plastic wrap, plastic bags, duct tape) and require teams to creatively incorporate some mixture of natural and human-made materials in their designs, similar to how engineers reinforce concrete with the addition of plastic, glass and/or steel fibers.

Copyright

Contributors

Supporting Program

Acknowledgements

The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under grants from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education and National Science Foundation (GK-12 grant no. 0338326). However, these contents do not necessarily represent the policies of the Department of Education or National Science Foundation, and you should not assume endorsement by the federal government.