Each group needs:

• galvanized pipe, ~19 mm diameter and 15 cm long, with scaling already present; (prepare this prior to giving the pipes to the students; see Before the Activity)
• Removing Scaling Student Worksheet (1 per student)

For the entire class to share:

• 5 lemons
• 5 limes
• 5 oranges
• 5 grapefruit
• pipettes (500 in a box)
• juicing tool
• lab goggles (enough for the class)
• 3 cutting boards
• knives
• digital scale
• 10 mL spray bottles, 20 total
• pH paper (5 boxes)
• 250 mL Beakers, 20 total
• powdered citric acid bag (~600 mL bag; optional)

To prepare the scaled pipe:

• powdered calcium carbonate (~600 mL bag)
• water
• small bowl and mixing apparatus
• oven